专四作文评分标准（五档评分标准）
14分：内容切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好，论证严密，论据充分，基本上无语言错误。
13—12分：内容切题，表达思想清楚，文字较通顺，连贯性较好，有个别语言错误。
11—9分：内容切题，中心思想的表达较清楚，但论述不够严谨，文字连贯性不够好，有少量语言错误。
8—6分：内容基本切题，有些地方思想表达不够清楚，文字连贯性差，语言错误多，甚至个别地方出现严重错误。
5—3分：文章条理不清、思路紊乱，语言缺乏连贯性，支离破碎，句子错误很多，或内容完全跑题。
高分作文应具备以下要素：
内容切题。
观点鲜明，论据充足，阐述充分，有较强的说服力。
意思连贯，条理清楚，文字通顺，段落衔接紧密，过渡自然，逻辑性强。
句与句之间的连接顺畅，句式灵活多变，句法结构正确。
用词得体、恰当，词汇丰富。
拼写、标点符号正确。
写作技巧：
文章总体结构：标题，首段，主体段和结尾段
写好每一段：确定每段尤其是主体段的主题句后，就要对主题句进行扩展。
句型、句式富于变化。注意句式的长短变化，不要通篇使用复杂句或简单句，另外要确保所使用的句型结构是正确的。
用词巧妙。词汇的运用要简单、精练。使用自己即了解其词义和用法，又知道如何正确拼写的词。
一、TEM 4写作中的段落主题句(The Topic Sentence)
1、主题句的重要性
2、主题句在段落中的位置
3、主题句的句法特征
1）结构完整
2）陈述句
4、主题句的内容特征
2021年上半年四级英语作文是议论文，这次英语四级试题相比于往年难度更高一点，很多同学出考场的时候都是痛苦面具，没有一丝的光彩。议论文的写作，住往从正反两方面来论述，且都有其约定俗成的议论模式。
1）高度的概括性
a. Sports help everyone to keep healthy.
b. Knowing how valuable friendship is，we should be very careful in our choice of friends.
2）具体性
of online shopping. Only in this way can people enjoy the fun and convenience of online shopping without the concern of being cheated.四级
a. Easing students’ study burden does good to students. (抽象、空泛)
b. Easing students’ study burden does good to students both physically and mentally.(具体）
a. To cooperate with others well，one needs to know something about cooperation.(抽象)
b. To cooperate with others well，one should be tolerate，considerate and should have a sense of teamwork.(具体)
a. Every graduate has (the equal chance.)(含义不明确)
b. Every graduate has (the equal chance to get a satisfactory job in job-hunting.)(含义明确)
a. I (enjoy sports) (含义模糊，两种解释)very much.
b. (Participating in sports) (一种解释，含义清楚) activities occupies most of my spare time in the university.
二、TEM 4写作中的段落拓展句
拓展句的写作要领：
1、弄清主题句与拓展句的关系。
1）拓展句受主题句中心思想的制约。
2）拓展句对主题句进行具体、详尽的阐述。
2、扩展主题句的同时，要善于取舍。
3、注意主题句与拓展句及拓展句与拓展句之间的过渡或衔接。
1）重复关键词
I have sufficient reasons to explain my statement that （money） is not all powerful (topic sentence). With （money），we can only buy some material things，but not the spiritual ones (supporting sentence 1).
2）使用平行语法结构
A person with （good manners） is always an （agreeable） companion. He is （agreeable） because he is always thinking of others. He does not interrupt people when they are talking. He does not say anything to hurt other people’s feelings. He does not push in a crowd，but waits quietly until it is his turn to pass. All these are called （good manners），which show that their possessor is a man of high standing.
3)使用过渡词及短语进行句与句之间的转换与连接
To show an example: for example，for instance，in particular，to illustrate，let me illustrate，as follows，as an illustration，as proof，as an example
To give additional information: additional。
in addition，besides，furthermore，moreover，also，and，too
To compare: similar to，in the same way，in the same manner，in like manner，in parallel to，almost the same as，resembling，similarly，like，as in，likewise
To contrast: on the contrary，on the other hand，differ from，in contrast to，in opposition to，conversely，however，while，whereas，yet，but，nevertheless
1、It?is?high?time?that?we?put?an?end?to?the?（trend）.?该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。2、It?is?time?to?take?the?advice?of??and?to?put?special?emphasis?on?the?improvement?of?。
To define: to define，in definition，to explain，in explanation，by that I mean，to clarify，in clarification
To emphasize: certainly，clearly，in fact，more importantly，as a matter of fact
For sequence or cause and effect: as a result，because of，due to，owing to，thanks to，for this reason，because，consequently，hence，subsequently，thereafter，therefore，thus，first，second，third，next，at last
To rephrase: in other words，more simply，that is，to state this another way
To conclude: in conclusion，in short，英语四级近5年作文题目，to conclude，to recap，to sum up，all in all
请拓展下列主题句：
1.My choice of traveling by train is based on the following three reasons.
My choice of traveling by train is based on the following three reasons. Firstly，traveling by train is the safest way of transportation. Seldom have we heard of train accident because train runs smoothly on tracks and is hardly affected by topography or even by whether. Secondly，2016—2021四级作文题目，it is very economic to travel by train. Train ticket won’t cost so much as that of air flight; it even cost less than long distance bus ticket，but traveling by train saves more time than sitting in a bus. Finally，四级真题作文题目一览表，it is comfortable to sit in a train which is spacious and offers good view of the landscape outside the window. One who may feel very sick in a bus won’t feel so in a train，because no petrol odor can be smelt and the train is not bumpy at all.
2.We students shall be the builders and reformers of our country.
(It is incumbent on us to make necessary preparations before undertaking such a hard task. To attain this end，we must train ourselves to a high standard of morality，cultivate good behaviors，devote our time and energy to the storage of knowledge.)
三.TEM 4写作中段落的结尾句（The Concluding Sentence）
总结全段或重申主题。TEM写作中，引言段的结尾句往往点出主题、引出观点或起承上启下的作用，而重申主题往往放在最后一段。
1、It?is?high?time?that?we?put?an?end?to?the?（trend）.?该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。2、It?is?time?to?take?the?advice?of??and?to?put?special?emphasis?on?the?improvement?of?。
四.TEM 4写作对段落的要求
1、统一性（Unity）
1）主题单一性（A Central theme）
2）前后观点的一致性（Identical Views）
3）内容的完整性（Full Development）
2、连贯性（Coherence）
1） 使用表示启、承、转、合的词或短语
2）重复关键词或短语（repetition of key words or phrases)
3) 使用平行语法结构（ parallel structures or sentences）
指出下列段落的问题所在：
1. (Ludwig Van Beethoven overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness). He was a major composer of the nineteenth century. He first studied music with a court organist. He was pointed Competitive spirit. Sports can also help us relax after a period of exhausting work. However，近三年英语四级作文题目，as the saying goes，“there are two sides to everything”，and sports is without exception. We may hurt other players or ourselves if we are not careful enough when participating in sports activities. What’s more，excessive or severe training can do harm to our health.
1、主题不明确
1）不会用主题句概括要点，泛泛而谈，不着边际；
2）主题不突出，蜻蜓点水；
3）颠倒主题句与拓展句的关系，层次不清；
4) 分不清事物的主次关系，不会区分整体和局部、主观和客观、现象与本质，近十年英语四级真题作文范文，分不清什么是观点，什么是事实。
2、衔接不当
1）不善于使用连接词来表达并列、转折、因果、递进、强调、让步等关系，导致过渡不自然；
2）不善于参照前句，重复某些关键词；
3）不善于使用同义词；
4）不善于有效使用从属连词，理顺主从关系；
3、有悖逻辑
1）句意不连贯；
2）思维混乱，主次颠倒；
4、思路不开阔，思想观点幼稚、主观片面，难以以理服人。
For example:
Health is very important to a person，no matter in his work or other things. If a person is always sick，what could he do then? Besides，if you are a sick man，then your family member will look after for you and always worried about you. It’s too terrible for a person if he doesn’t keep a good mood，isn’t it? Secondly，if you want to win in your work or be a happy man，you must keep a good mood.
I have three reason to support my view. First of all，the opened campus serve the communities nearby. The campus give the people a place to work out or have a walk as what they do in a park. Moreover，the coming of different people can provide the students more chances to connect with the society. Staying in school，all the things we know are just from the book，but the information we get from the person out of the university are something newly happen and enhance our understanding of the changeable world. The last but not the least，it could supply a large commercial value. Many business can promote their products in the campus to the large potential customers.
( excerpt from a student’s composition entitled “The University Campus Should Be Open to Society)
First，the university is a dream goal for many parents and young ambitious students，so they prefer visiting university campus to some beautiful gardens and parks. Second，as more tourists come to visit universities，these universities can widen their influence as well and they can also make some profit from the tourism.
英语四级作文题目1∶ On Card Slave 卡奴是指一个人使用大量的现金卡、信用卡，但负担不出缴款金额或是以卡养卡、以债养帐等方式，一直在还利息钱的人。1. 目前出现许多年轻人变成卡奴现象 2. 出现这一现象的原因 3。
五、段落的写作方法
1、段落的写作顺序
1） 时间顺序（Time Order）
2）空间顺序（Space Order）
3) 步骤顺序 (Process Order)
4）演绎顺序（General to Specific Order）
5）归纳顺序（Specific to General Order）
Time Order
Time order can be used in narration，历年英语四级作文题目汇总，description or exposition. It can be applied to the account of not only an event but also a process of doing something.
When we use time order，we develop a paragraph in chronological order. The details are arranged in order of time. Things are mentioned according to the time when they happened，the first thing first and the last thing last.
In exposition，transition words and phrases are frequently used to indicate time order，but in narration and description，such words and phrases should be used frugally; otherwise，the writing may seem unnatural.
Space Order
作文题目一：参观敬老院 Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part。
Space order is used in description，esp. of places，or objects.
When using space order，we can describe objects according to their two states: static state and dynamic state.
When describing the static state，we should first decide where we stand，then choose the space order: from the top to the bottom，from the left to the right，英语四级作文题目汇总，from the far point to the near point，from outside to inside，etc. (or the opposite order).
When describing the dynamic state，the space order will be determined by the route of the moving object. It can be either linear or curvy.
Process Order
This order is often used in expositions.
下面主要从三个方面介绍一下四级写作的命题特点,即题材,体裁和命题形式。1. 题材四级写作的话题,具有很强的实用性和时事性,涉及校园生活、现代科技、社会问题以及对他们的简单理由分析、方案提出。校园话题。
When developing a paragraph by process，we must make clear the right sequence of the things to be done，and state every step in a clear and orderly way.
Sometimes we can follow a chronological order.
Very often，present tense is used.
General to Specific Order
This order is frequently used in exposition and argumentation.
When using this order，we usually put the topic sentence at the beginning of a paragraph，then use evidence，examples，etc. to support the central idea expressed in the topic sentence.
Specific to General Order
When using this order，we usually present specific examples，details at first，then gradually we draw conclusion or lead to personal view，or summary of what we have discussed.
This order is more often used in Chinese writing than in English writing.
①中文提纲作文通常提纲作文都是给出三个提纲，每个提纲即是一段，正好符合四级作文“三段论”的布局，同学们可以根据提纲进行描述。例如：A、许多人考证书。B、其目的是什么。但这种作文由于比较简单。
Examples
A combination of cries from exotic animals and laughter and gasps from children fills the air along with the smells of popcorn and peanuts. A hungry lion bellows for dinners，his roar breaking through the confusing chatter of other animals. Birds of all kinds chirp endlessly at curious children. Monkeys swing from limb to limb performing gymnastics for onlookers. A comedy routine by orangutans employing old shoes and garments incites squeals of amusement. The sights and sounds and smells of the zoo inform and entertain children of all ages.
Ways of Developing Paragraphs
Development by Comparison and Contrast
Development by Exemplification / Example
1、It?is?high?time?that?we?put?an?end?to?the?（trend）.?该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。2、It?is?time?to?take?the?advice?of??and?to?put?special?emphasis?on?the?improvement?of?。
Development by Cause and Effect
Development by Definition
Development by Analogy
Development by Division
1）比较法和对比法（Comparison and Contrast）
a. 交叉比 (point by point)
A---对比点1
在正式考试试卷上的位置是在试题本的最后一页。大学英语四级考试，即CET-4，College English Test Band 4的缩写，是由国家教育部高等教育司主持的全国性英语考试。
B---对比点1
A---对比点2
B---对比点2
专四作文写作专栏
b. 分开比 (block by block)
A---对比点1、对比点2
B---对比点1 、对比点2
Example
In college，I enjoy a great degree of independence. I live on my own: wash my own clothes，buy my own food，look after myself. I make my daily decisions of my own will. What is more，I depend heavily on myself in my study. I have plenty of free time outside the class. In order to succeed，I need to gain as much from the teachers’ lectures as from my self-study. In the absence of pressure from both the college and the family，I must have a workable plan of my own. In contrast，I lived a dependent life in the middle school. My parents were responsible for my daily life so that I did not have to worry about food，clothing and the like. Nor did I have to plan much for my study. My teachers had almost everything in store for me. What I needed to do was to swallow it in and digest it. The harder I worked under the teachers’ instruction，the greater my progress was. By comparison，I would say I love the independent life now. After all，I am already an adult.
There are many differences between middle school and college. First，in middle school，we have to listen to what the teacher says in class，to understand the contents of the text. But in college，we must study by ourselves before class. If not，we couldn’t follow the teacher. Second，there are lots of rules in middle school. For example，we should wear the school uniforms，the girls must have their hair cut short or straight，历年英语四级作文真题及答案，and are not allowed to make boy or girl friends. However，in college，we have more freedom. We can wear the clothes we like and keep the fashionable hair style. We are also free to make boy or girl friends. The third，in middle school，study is our first priority. That means we could do nothing but study. In contrast，we have more activities to participate in and more daily chores to deal with. We must plan our time carefully.
2) 举例法（Exemplification）
Examples and illustrations are often used in explaining things. A well-chosen example can make our writing vivid and convincing.
When we write an explanatory paragraph，we should always think of interesting and convincing examples to illustrate our views and points.
The examples we use should be typical，logical and reasonable.
For Example:
Nowadays in the society，there are enormous fake commodities (Topic Sentence). For example，when we go to the supermarket，we may buy some fake food such as fake milk，fake meat.( example 1) When we go to the pharmacist’s，we may buy some fake medicine. (example 2) The deep root of this phenomenon lies in people’s greed for material wealth. In order to accumulate a large amount of money in a short time，they try every means to produce fake commodities without any regard to other people’s benefit and health. Fake commodities can do great harm to both consumers and the society. For instance，fake medicine is not only a waste of money but also a great harm to the customers’ health. (extension of example 2) Sometimes fake medicine can even be fatal. Fake commodities are often sold at a low price. It causes unfair competition in the market economy and puts the whole society in disorder.
3） 定义法（Definition）
Love is a deep and tender feeling of affection for，or attachment or devotion to a person，or one person for another，based in part on sexual attraction. No matter what the definition is，true love is based on，without exceptions，those three qualities of sincerity，standing the test of time，and understanding.
4）因果法（Cause and Effect）
It is a common method used in argumentation.
Before starting to write，we must think carefully and work out a list of causes and effects，and find out the logical relationship between them. Logical thinking is particularly important in writing paragraphs of cause and effect.
When analyzing causes or listing effects，we should bear the topic in mind，giving reasonable and convincing evidence.
There are usually 2 ways to organize the causes and effects. The first one is to analyze the causes and effects from several parallel aspects. The second is to analyze the causes and effects both superficially and internally，or both subjectively and objectively.
